Cancer at a glance
Abstract
Cancer is a generic term that groups different types of malignant tumors. Each of them has a specific name according to the tissue that gave birth to it. It appears when cells multiply in an uncontrolled manner and take the place of healthy cells. Deaths from cancer are mainly due to damage caused by metastases. This is why it is important to diagnose the disease early, before it spreads in the body. After the diagnosis announcement, cancer management is put in place: it involves several treatments that are articulated throughout the course of care. Cancers have the particularity of reacting differently to treatments. Some types of cancer are best treated with surgery. Others respond better to drugs called chemotherapy. It often happens that several treatments are administered together to ensure the best possible results. Studies have so far focused largely on the tumor cell itself. The new challenge for researchers is now to understand how these cells interact with their immediate environment. What processes do they put in place to escape the immune system or to successfully spread? Understanding these mechanisms could lead to the development of new types of treatment.
About the Authors
N. MimouneAlgeria
Mimoune Nora — Ph.D., H.D.R., Senior Lecturer, Associate Professor, National High School of Veterinary Medicine; Permanent Researcher, Laboratory of Biotechnologies related to Animal Reproduction, Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University of Blida 1
РВ 270, Blida
M. W. Bahouh
Algeria
Bahouh Mohamed Wail — D.V.M., M.S., National High School of Veterinary Medicine
Algeria
S. Boukhechem
Algeria
Boukhechem Said — Ph.D., H.D.R., Senior Lecturer, Associate Professor
El-Khroub, Constantine
N. O. Marouf
Algeria
Marouf Noufel Ouail — D.V.M., M.S.
Algiers, Bab-Ezzouar
D. Khelef
Algeria
Khelef Djamel — Ph.D., H.D.R., Full Professor
Algiers, Bab-Ezzouar
R. Kaidi
Algeria
Kaidi Rachid — Ph.D., H.D.R., Full Professor
References
1. Cavenee W., White R. (1995). Anomalies génétiques et cancers. Pour la Science, 211, 60–68.
2. Paul S., Régulier E. (2001). Bases moléculaires de l’oncogеnèse. Ann. Biol. Clin., 59, 393–402.
3. Favrot M.C. (1997). La cellule cancéreuse. Rev. Prat., 47, 1029–1036.
4. Diaz-Cano S.J. (2008). General morphological and biological features of neoplasms: integration of molecular findings. Histopathology, 53, 1–19.
5. Azzouz M.Y., Mimoune N., Kaidi R. (2020). Les Tumeurs Utérines Chez la Femme, Notions Classiques et Nouvelles. Presses Académiques Francopohones.
6. Ferlay J., Soerjomataram I., Ervik M., Dikshit R. (2013). GLOBOCAN 2012 v1.0, cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: IARC cancer base No. 11 [Internet]. International Agency for Research on Cancer. Lyon, France.
7. Scotté F., Colonna P., AndrieU J.-M. (2008). Cancérologie. Nouvelle édition. Paris: Ellipses.
8. Davies P.C., Lineweaver C. (2011). Cancer tumors as Metazoa 1.0: tapping genes of ancient ancestors. Physic. Biol., 8 (1), 015001.
9. National Cancer Institute. About cancer (2015). Retrieved on March 26, 2021 from https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/understanding/what-is-cancer.
10. WHO. Cancer (2018). Retrieved on March 26, 2021 from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cancer.
11. Gaspar T., Hagège D., Kevers C., Penel C. (1991). When plant teratomas turn into cancers in the absence of pathogens. Physiologia Plantarum, 83, 696–701.
12. Doonan J., Hunt T. (1996). Why don’t plants get cancer? Nature, 380 (6574), 481–482.
13. Rothschild B.M., Tanke D.H., Helbling M. (2003). Epidemiologic study of tumors in dinosaurs. Naturwissenschaften, 90 (11), 495–500.
14. Geoffrey C. (2000). The Cell: A Molecular Approach. 2nd ed., Sinauer Associates Inc.
15. Clarke B.B. (2016). Historical review of the causes of cancer. World J. Clin. Oncol., 7 (1), 54–86.
16. Tessitore A., Cicciarelli G., Del Vecchio F. et al. (2014). MicroRNAs in the DNA damage/repair network and cancer. Int. J. Genom., 820248.
17. David S. (2002). Emerging molecular markers of cancer. Nat. Rev. Cancer, 2 (3), 210–219.
18. Stratton M., Campbell P., Futreal P. (2009). The cancer genome. Nature, 458 (7239), 719–724.
19. Croce C.M. (2008). Oncogenes and cancer. N. Engl. J. Med., 358 (5), 502–511.
20. Sarkar S., Horn G., Moulton K. et al. (2013). Cancer development, progression, and therapy: an epigenetic overview. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 14 (10), 21087–21113.
21. Levine A., Momand J., Finlay C. (1991). The p53 tumour suppressor gene. Nature, 351 (6326), 453–456.
22. Peng Y., Croce C. (2016). The role of MicroRNAs in human cancer. Sign. Transduct. Targ. Ther., 1, 15004.
23. Buder T., Deutsch A., Klink B. et al. (2019). Patterns of tumor progression predict small and tissue-specific tumor-originating niches. Front. Oncol., 8, 668.
24. Egeblad M., Nakasone E.S., Werb Z. (2010). Tumors as organs: complex tissues that interface with the entire organism. Develop. Cell, 18 (6), 884–901.
25. Siddiqui I., Sanna V., Ahmad N., Sechi M. (2015). Resveratrol nanoformulation for cancer prevention and therapy. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 1348 (1), 20–31.
26. Seyfried T.N., Huysentruyt L.C. (2013). On the origin of cancer metastasis. Crit. Rev. Oncogen., 18 (1–2), 43–73.
27. Qian C.-N., Mei Y., Zhang J. (2017). Cancer metastasis: issues and challenges. Chin. J. Cancer, 36 (1), 38.
28. Fares J., Fares M.Y., Khachfe H.H., Salhab H.A., Fares Y. (2020). Molecular principles of metastasis: a hall mark of cancer revisited. Sign. Transduct. Targ. Ther., 5 (1), 28.
29. Wang R.-A., Lu Y.-Y., Fan D.-M. (2015). Reasons for cancer metastasis: A holistic perspective. Mol. Clin. Oncol., 3 (6), 1199–1202.
30. Bakhoum S.F., Ngo B., Laughney A.M. et al. (2018). Chromosomal instability drives metastasis through a cytosolic DNA response. Nature, 553 (7689), 467–472.
31. Vinay D.S., Ryan E.P., Pawelec G. et al. (2015). Immune evasion in cancer: Mechanistic basis and therapeutic strategies. Semin. Cancer Biol., 35, S185–S198.
32. Gonzalez H., Hagerling C., Werb Z. (2018). Roles of the immune system in cancer: from tumor initiation to metastatic progression. Genes Dev., 32 (19–20), 1267– 1284.
33. Brown T. (2002). Genomes. 2nd ed. London: Oxford: Wiley-Liss.
34. Ucker D.S., Levine J.S. (2018). Exploitation of apoptotic regulation in cancer. Front. Immunol., 9, 241.
35. National Cancer Institute. How Cancer Is Diagnosed (2019). Retrieved on March 26, 2021 from https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/diagnosis-staging/diagnosis.
36. Ziv E., Durack J.C., Solomon S.B. (2016). The importance of biopsy in the era of molecular medicine. Cancer J., 22 (6), 418–422.
37. Marshall D., Laberge J.M., Firetag B., Miller T., Kerlan R.K. (2013). The changing face of percutaneous imageguided biopsy: molecular profiling and genomic analysis in current practice. J. Vasc. Interv. Radiology, 24 (8), 1094–1103.
38. Palmirotta R., Lovero D., Cafforio P. et al. (2018). Liquid biopsy of cancer: a multimodal diagnostic tool in clinical oncology. Ther. Adv. Med. Oncol., 10, 1–24.
39. Alix-Panabières C. (2020). The future of liquid biopsy. Nature, 579 (7800), S9.
40. Brierley J., Gospodarowicz M., O’Sullivan B. (2016). The principles of cancer staging. eCancer, 10, ed61.
41. Arruebo M., Vilaboa N., Sáez-Gutierrez B. et al. (2011). Assessment of the evolution of cancer treatment therapies. Cancers, 3 (3), 3279–3330.
42. Falzone L., Salomone S., Libra M. (2018). Evolution of cancer pharmacological treatments at the turn of the third millennium. Front. Pharmacol., 9, 1300.
43. Baskar R., Lee K.A., Yeo R., Yeoh K.W. (2012). Cancer and radiation therapy: current advances and future directions. Int. J. Med. Sci., 9 (3), 193–199.
44. Jaffray D.A., Gospodarowicz M. K. Radiation therapy for cancer. In Gelband H. et al. (eds.) (2015). Cancer: Disease Control Priorities. 3rd ed. Washington, DC: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 3.
45. Liu M., Guo F. (2018). Recent updates on cancer immunotherapy. Prec. Clin. Med., 1 (2), 65–74.
46. Waldman A.D., Fritz J.M., Lenardo M.J. (2020). A guide to cancer immunotherapy: from T cell basic science to clinical practice. Nature Rev. Immunol., 20 (11), 651–668.
47. Esfahani K., Roudaia L., Buhlaiga N. et al. (2020). A review of cancer immunotherapy: from the past, to the present, to the future. Current Oncol., 27 (2), S87–S97.
48. Christofi T., Baritaki S., Falzone L., Libra M., Zaravinos A. (2019). Current perspectives in cancer immunotherapy. Cancers, 11 (10), 1472.
49. Alberts B., Johnson A., Lewis J. et al. (2002). Molecular Biology of the Cell. 4th ed. New York: Garland Science.
50. Chakraborty S., Rahman T. (2012). The difficulties in cancer treatment. eCancer. 6, ed16.
Review
For citations:
Mimoune N., Bahouh M.W., Boukhechem S., Marouf N.O., Khelef D., Kaidi R. Cancer at a glance. Journal of Siberian Medical Sciences. 2021;(2):77-103. (In Russ.)